Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry INTRODUCTION: Requirement of precision components, complicated design, stringent standards and testing, unusual size of workpiece, restrictions in conventional machining processes has lead to development of advanced machining processes shortly AMP. In past few years, there were several AMP’s developed such as electric discharge machining (EDM), electron beam machining, electrochemical machining, chemical machining processes (CMP), ultrasonic machining (USM), and jet machining processes abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, laser beam machining etc. Each of these AMP’s has its limitations in workpiece material, shape etc. But LBM is the one of the AMP’s where almost all material can be processed. One of major advantage of LBM is its ability to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the most widely used thermal energy based non-contact type advance machining process which can be applied for almost whole ra nge of materials. Laser beam is focused for melting and vaporizing the unwanted material from the parent material. As of now the major application on LBM is profile cutting of geometrically complex part and making miniature holes in sheetmetal. HISTORY OF LASER: In 1917, it was Albert Einstein who first told the world about the process called â€Å"Stimulated Emission† which makes the laser possible. In 1957, Gordon Gould, a Columbia University student designed the first laser device in his laboratory. However the first working laser (ruby laser) was found on 16th of May, 1960 by Dr. Theodore Maiman. This demonstration of ruby laser acted as entry door to this field. Till then lots and lots of researches have been done and various lasers were found. Some of major contributions and highlights are â€Å"Gas laser† which used helium and neon gases by Ali Javan during 1960, semi conductor laser by Gunther Fenner in 1962, CO2 laser by Kumar Patel on 1964, Nd-YAG laser by Ge usic in 1964 etc. The first excimer laser was demonstrated in 1970 by Basov et ah and it was liquid xenon which was excited with a pulsed electron beam. The first commercial application of continuous wave CO2 lasers was made during 1967 by Western Electric and the first successful industrial application of laser cutting was die-board slotting. Whereas now, lasers have been into many areas such as aerospace, die and mold manufacturing, biomechanical devices, automotive, electric, and electronic industries etc. Likewise many studies have been made to find many such lasers and also studies were done to improve / optimize the working parameters of the lasers. FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation – LASER is a device which produces a monochromatic light beam where all the waves are coherent. LASER consists of four primary components: Active medium : It contains atoms whose electrons are excited to higher energy levels by an energy source. They are solid crystals such as ruby or Nd:YAG, liquid dyes, gases like CO2 or Helium/Neon, or semiconductors such as GaAs. Excitation Mechanism: Excitation mechanisms pump energy into the active medium. Three basic method of excitation are optical, electrical or chemical. High Reflectance Mirror Partially Transmissive Mirror The major principles of Laser are stimulation, amplification and population inversion.

Presidental and Parliamentary Systems of Government Term Paper

Presidental and Parliamentary Systems of Government - Term Paper Example Finally, conclusions were arrived at. The presidential separation of powers is not typical of modern constitutionalism. As such, there are several constitutional democracies that depict the commingling of governmental powers. Most of these systems of government are parliamentary systems. Such systems exhibit reliance of the head of government on the legislature for political survival. Another important trait exhibited by such governments is the power of the executive to declare elections by bringing about dissolution of the legislature.1 In the presidential systems of government, such powers are rarely encountered. These systems uphold the principle of separation of powers. The latter provides a governmental branch with the power to oversee the actions of the other branches, which generates a system of governance based on mutual distrust between the various branches of the government. Such invasive overlap among government branches ensures that no specific branch of government obtain s absolute power.2 In the US, delegation of power is quite strong, and society is politically active to a considerable extent, and there is extraordinary support from all quarters to the principle of democracy. Thus, the US represents a strong presidential system of government that differs from the Westminster model of democracy. The latter supports parliamentary democracy.3 The presidential system of the US establishes a strong President in the White House, who acts as the head of the state. In the Westminster model, the Prime Minister holds the position of pre-eminence. Despite these differences, both models focus on the concentration of power in the political party that has control over the legislature. In some democratic countries of Latin America, power is concentrated in the hands of a single person or party. Examples of such regimes are to be found in Venezuela, Colombia, and Costa Rica. 4 In the presidential systems of Greece and France, the President is elected by the peopl e and power is concentrated in the office of the President. These systems are known as delegate democracies. 5 The presidential system of government frequently includes a bicameral legislature. The passage of any law requires control over the executive, and the upper and lower houses of the legislature. These three entities are not elected at the same time and in the same election, which drastically increases the scope for dissent. 6 Parliamentary democracy is characterized by comparatively better stability. However, development in a country results in people aspiring for greater freedom with regard to expressing dissent. In addition, there is a greater tendency to spread different viewpoints. In the UK these desires have led to a gradual transition of the system of government towards the presidential system. 7 In fact, there is little of the original Westminster model that pertains to the political system prevalent in the UK. It is now quite apparent that the parliamentary system w ith its stability and authoritarian norms is apt only as far as the developing nations are concerned. With growth among the populace of a nation, it becomes essential to adopt a system of government that replicates a presidential system of governance. 8 The President in a presidential system of governance appoints the members of the Cabinet. In general, the latter are not members of the

Leadership styles, behaviors and relevant situational factors. Maple Assignment

Leadership styles, behaviors and relevant situational factors. Maple Leaf Food - Assignment Example Maple Leaf Foods (stock market symbol TSX:MFI) is one of Canada’s major food processing companies. As its chief executive officer, McCain holds the strings that control the subordinates. With the strings, Michael McCain can instruct the employees to give their best to produce high quality products to the company’s current and prospective clients. Michael McCain is new in the company. Formerly, Michael McCain was one of the owners of the very popular McCain food products company, which is located in the heart of Canada. Consequently, Michael McCain brings with him many years of experience as one of the managers of his former family-owned company. His former company is also engage in the food processing business. 2. Description of leader’s context (main constituents and the various situation forces at play) Michael McCain heads the company that sells food products to the Canadian public. The company’s original name is Canada Packers. It was Canada’s producer of the biggest volume of food products. The company’s major food product is grounded on hogs. The company ships hog-based products to the United Kingdom. The company also sells cheese products. The company ventures into hog and poultry based food business products. Robert Kelley (1988) 2insists that all corporations sometimes succeed or fail, compete or crumble, on the basis of how they are being management, in the case of McCain, the subordinates can sit back, relax, and enjoy the leadership of McCain as he steers the Maple Leaf Management outside the August 2008 food poisoning crisis smoothly and effortlessly. In 2008, the company ordered the recall of many of its tainted products. The tainted products came from one of its food processing plants. Consequently, Maple Leaf Management ordered the closure of its c ulprit plant. The closure was necessary to bring back the company’s tarnished image. With the announcement of the guilty plant facility, Maple Leaf Management sought to retrieve its former glory of being the producer of one of the most popular and high selling food processing plants in Canada. On that fateful August 24, 2008 date, Maple Leaf Management ordered the closure of its failed Toronto, Canada Plant. The spoiled Maple Leaf Management products cause the deaths of five individuals. In addition more than 24 individuals were treated for eating the spoiled food. Because of the spoiled food consequences, the Government of Canada issued warnings to the public to temporarily avoid buying some of the Maple Leaf Management products. The warning was in place until the cloud of spoilage hovering over the skies of Canada’s communities, is resolved. The Canadian government agency, Public Health Agency of Canada, emphasized that the bacteria, Listeria strain, was the culprit. Many of the customers of Maple Leaf Management either died or were hospitalized for food poisoning in August of 2008. In response to the August 2008 bacteria outbreak where four persons died and many others suffered from food poisoning, Maple Leaf Management ordered the recall of all its products. The move is a good marketing strategy. The marketing strategy was to prioritize the safety of its current and prospective clients, the food customers. The outbreak was called Listeriosis.